Olive's Hidden Gems: Olive Oil, Olive Leaf, Polyphenols and Oleuropein

For thousands of years, olive oil has been a cornerstone of the Mediterranean way of life, celebrated not only for its rich flavor but also for its remarkable health benefits. Ancient civilizations, from the Greeks to the Romans, recognized olive oil as a precious gift, even referring to it as "liquid gold." Olive oil has withstood the test of time as a symbol of health and vitality, being used in rituals, medicine, and everyday cooking.

Today, modern science has validated what the ancients intuitively knew: incorporating olive oil into the diet can promote health and even extend life. The secret behind these powerful health benefits lies in olive oil's high concentration of polyphenols, such as oleuropein, which are compounds that actively combat inflammation, protect against cardiovascular disease, and support cellular longevity. 

In this article, we'll dive into the science behind olive oil's health benefits, exploring how polyphenols and oleuropein influence molecular pathways associated with longevity. 

Prepare to uncover the fascinating details of olive oil's role in living a long and vibrant life, and learn how this ancient ingredient continues to serve as a hidden weapon in modern wellness.

The Health Benefits of Olive Derivatives

For thousands of years, olives have been considered a symbol of vitality. Perhaps part of the mystique lies in the olive tree itself—an evergreen capable of living up to 2,000 years. 

Or perhaps it's the nutrient-rich pulp of olives packed with protein, pectin, vitamins A, E, K, and B, as well as essential minerals like iron, potassium, and phosphorus. Not to mention, olives are a treasure trove of polyphenols and contain over 70% oil, which is rich in heart-healthy unsaturated fatty acids.

Although olive oil is often referred to as the cornerstone of the Mediterranean diet, it's more than just a source of healthy fats. Its unique composition of monounsaturated fats, powerful antioxidants, and anti-inflammatory compounds provides an impressive array of health benefits. 

From preserving cardiovascular health and supporting cognitive function to improving digestion and exhibiting potential anti-cancer properties, olive oil serves as a vital and versatile component of good health. It can be drizzled over salads, used in cooking, or even applied to the skin—olive oil is a multifaceted source of nutrition that contributes to overall well-being and quality of life.

How Olive Oil Helps Reduce Mortality Risk

The profound impact of olive oil consumption on reducing mortality risk has been supported by studies for many years. For example, findings from a comprehensive study that tracked over 90,000 U.S. health professionals for nearly three decades, underscores the broad protective benefits of olive oil.

Research from the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health found that people who consumed more than seven grams (approximately half a tablespoon) of olive oil daily experienced a 19% lower risk of total mortality and cardiovascular disease mortality compared to those who rarely or never consumed olive oil. Additionally, these individuals showed a 17% lower risk of cancer-related mortality, a 29% lower risk of neurodegenerative disease mortality, and an 18% lower risk of death from respiratory diseases (1).

The study also emphasizes that substituting less healthy fats—such as margarine, butter, and mayonnaise—with olive oil can significantly reduce the risk of premature death. 

More Than Just a Healthy Fat

As we have previously discussed, even a small, consistent amount of olive oil in the diet is associated with a reduced risk of total mortality. Olive oil offers many other benefits, too, including:

• Cardiovascular Health: The polyphenols and monounsaturated fats, particularly oleic acid found in olive oil are particularly beneficial for heart health (2). These powerful compounds help improve cholesterol levels by raising HDL (good cholesterol) and lowering LDL (bad cholesterol) (3, 4). They also contribute to lowering blood pressure and preventing the formation of blood clots, making olive oil a crucial ally in the fight against heart disease (5).

Research highlights that a mere 10-gram daily increase in extra virgin olive oil consumption can lead to a 10% reduction in the risk of cardiovascular disease. This evidence underscores olive oil’s role as a protective and heart-supporting element in a well-rounded, longevity-focused diet (6).

• Packed with antioxidants: Olive oil is packed with antioxidants like vitamin E and a variety of potent polyphenols, including hydroxytyrosol and oleuropein (2). These powerful compounds work to neutralize free radicals in the body, effectively combating oxidative stress. By protecting cells from oxidative damage, a key factor that accelerates aging and contributes to numerous diseases, olive oil serves as a vital component for promoting long-term health and cellular resilience (7).

• Anti-inflammatory properties: Chronic inflammation is a major contributor to the development of numerous diseases, such as heart disease, cancer, and neurodegenerative disorders. One standout compound in olive oil, oleocanthal, has demonstrated remarkable anti-inflammatory properties. Research indicates that oleocanthal functions similarly to ibuprofen, helping to reduce inflammation and alleviate pain or discomfort associated with inflammatory conditions (8).

• Supports brain health: The monounsaturated fats and antioxidants in olive oil contribute to brain health. Research suggests that olive oil can improve cognitive function and may help protect against neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer's (9). 

• Enhances digestive health: Olive oil aids in digestion by stimulating the production of bile, which is essential for digesting fats (10). It also has mild laxative properties, which can help prevent constipation and promote regular bowel movements (11). 

• Supports healthy weight management: The healthy fats in olive oil promote satiety, helping you feel full and satisfied, preventing overeating and maintaining a healthy weight (12).

• Longevity: Studies on animal models showed that olive oil can increase lifespan (13).

Health and Longevity Benefits of Polyphenols

Polyphenols are a diverse group of naturally occurring plant compounds celebrated for their numerous health benefits, including therapeutic effects and the potential to promote longevity. 

Oleuropein, a predominant polyphenol present in olive leaves and extra virgin olive oil, stands out for its significant health-promoting properties, especially in the realm of longevity. A major way oleuropein imparts these benefits is by stimulating autophagy and activating critical longevity pathways.

Autophagy Stimulation

Autophagy is a vital cellular process that breaks down and recycles damaged components, preserving cellular health and function. By preventing the buildup of cellular debris and dysfunctional proteins—often linked to aging and various diseases—autophagy plays a crucial role in maintaining cellular vitality. 

Research has demonstrated that oleuropein aglycone, the active form of oleuropein, triggers autophagy via the AMPK/mTOR signaling pathway (14). 

In cultured neuroblastoma cell cultures and mouse models, oleuropein induces the release of calcium from intracellular stores, leading to the activation of CAMKKβ (calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase kinase β). This enzyme subsequently phosphorylates AMPK, which then inhibits mTOR—a key regulator that usually suppresses autophagy. By inhibiting mTOR, oleuropein promotes autophagy, aiding in the clearance of damaged cellular components and supporting overall cellular health (15).

Activation of Longevity Pathways

Beyond autophagy, oleuropein and other olive-derived polyphenols activate several longevity-related pathways, contributing to a longer lifespan and better health outcomes:

Studies have found that oleuropein activates SIRT1, a sirtuin protein that plays a pivotal role in cellular regulation and longevity. It is crucial for processes such as DNA repair, inflammation control, and metabolic balance, meaning that olive oil may help enhance these protective mechanisms and promote cellular resilience and longevity (16).

Polyphenols Support Mitochondrial Health

Polyphenols are renowned for their capacity to enhance mitochondrial biogenesis, the process of generating new mitochondria within cells. This is especially important for maintaining optimal cellular energy as we age. 

Polyphenols activate the production of critical proteins like PGC-1α, NRF-1, and TFAM, which are essential for mitochondrial biogenesis (17). These proteins not only increase the number of mitochondria but also improve their functionality, resulting in enhanced energy production and overall cellular vitality.

• Protecting Mitochondria from Oxidative Damage: Oxidative stress is a major contributor to mitochondrial dysfunction and aging. Polyphenols act as potent antioxidants, protecting mitochondria from oxidative damage by neutralizing reactive oxygen species. This protection helps preserve mitochondrial integrity and function, reducing the risk of age-related diseases​​ (17).

• Modulating Mitochondrial Calcium Uniporter: Olive oil, abundant in polyphenols, has been shown to influence the mitochondrial calcium uniporter, a protein vital for mitochondrial respiration and energy metabolism. By regulating calcium uptake into mitochondria, polyphenols optimize energy production and support metabolic health (18)​.

Telomere Maintenance

Telomeres, the protective caps at the ends of chromosomes, play a vital role in cellular aging and longevity. Over time, telomeres shorten with each cell division, which can lead to cellular aging and dysfunction. 

Polyphenols have been shown to support telomere maintenance and protect against telomere shortening. This protective effect promotes cellular longevity by enhancing the activity of telomerase, an enzyme that helps maintain telomere length, thereby extending the lifespan of cells (19).

Epigenetic Mechanisms

Polyphenols have the remarkable ability to modulate gene expression through epigenetic mechanisms such as DNA methylation and histone modification. These processes influence whether genes are activated or silenced without altering the underlying DNA sequence. 

By modifying these epigenetic markers, polyphenols can regulate genes related to inflammation, antioxidant defense, and cellular growth, thus contributing to better health and enhanced longevity.

• DNA Methylation: Polyphenols can affect the addition of methyl groups to DNA, a process that influences gene activity. Specifically, they can enhance the expression of genes that combat oxidative stress and inflammation, providing protective benefits at the cellular level.

• Histone Modification: Polyphenols also impact histones, the proteins around which DNA is tightly coiled. By altering histone structure, polyphenols can either loosen or tighten the DNA, making it more or less accessible for transcription. This regulation of gene activity can have significant implications for cellular function and overall health (20)​.

Olive Oil's Most Powerful Polyphenol: Oleuropein

Oleuropein has a distinctive phenolic structure that allows it to effectively scavenge free radicals, much like a net capturing bugs, thereby reducing oxidative damage to cells and tissues (21). Additionally, oleuropein helps manage inflammation by modulating key signaling pathways, such as NF-κB, and reducing the activity of pro-inflammatory enzymes like COX-2 (22).

Moreover, oleuropein can influence the expression of genes involved in oxidative stress, inflammation, and cell survival, contributing to its protective effects (23).

To maximize the benefits of oleuropein, it's important to consume the proper amount. Here are some ways to achieve the recommended dosages:

• Dietary Supplements: Oleuropein is commonly available in dietary supplement form, often extracted from olive leaves.

• Functional Foods: Extra virgin olive oil and whole olives are rich sources of oleuropein and can be easily incorporated into your diet to take advantage of its health-promoting properties.

• Topical Applications: Oleuropein is also used in skincare products for its potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, supporting skin health.

Tips for Selecting "Therapeutic-grade" Olive Oil 

Choose Extra Virgin Olive Oil (EVOO)

• Quality and Purity: Extra virgin olive oil is the highest quality olive oil. It is extracted using mechanical means without chemical processing, retaining the maximum amount of beneficial compounds, such as polyphenols and antioxidants.

Check the Polyphenol Content

• Label Information: Some high-quality olive oils will list the polyphenol content on the label. Look for oils with a high polyphenol content.

• Harvest Date and Freshness: Polyphenol content can decrease over time, so fresher oils (those with a recent harvest date) are likely to have higher polyphenol levels.

Look for Cold-Pressed or First Cold-Pressed Labels

• Extraction Method: Cold-pressed or first cold-pressed oils are extracted without using heat, which can degrade beneficial compounds. 

Quality Seals 

• Certifications: Certifications from reputable organizations, such as the International Olive Council (IOC) or regional quality seals like Protected Designation of Origin (PDI) or Protected Geographical Indication (PGI), ensure the oil meets specific quality standards.

Assess the Packaging

• Dark Bottles: Olive oil should be packaged in dark glass bottles to protect it from light, which can degrade its quality. Avoid oils in clear glass or plastic bottles.

• Proper Sealing: Ensure the bottle is well-sealed to prevent exposure to air, which can oxidize the oil and reduce its therapeutic properties.

Consider the Source

• Single-Origin Oils: Oils from a single region or estate often have more consistent quality. Research the region and producers known for high-quality olive oil production.

• Reputable Brands: Choose brands with a good reputation for quality and transparency about their production processes.

Extra-Virgin Olive Oil: Facts Vs. Fiction

Cannot Be Used for Cooking

• Myth: There is a common misconception that EVOO should not be used for cooking due to its low smoke point.
• Fact: EVOO has a smoke point of around 375-420°F (190-215°C), which is sufficient for most cooking methods, including sauteing and roasting. Moreover, its high antioxidant content protects it from oxidation at high temperatures.

All Olive Oils Are the Same

• Myth: Some believe that all olive oils, regardless of grade, offer the same benefits.
• Fact: Only EVOO, which is minimally processed, retains the full spectrum of nutrients and health benefits. Lower grades like virgin or refined olive oils lack many of the beneficial compounds found in EVOO.

Darker Color Means Higher Quality

• Myth: There is a belief that the darker the olive oil, the better its quality.
• Fact: The color of EVOO can vary from green to golden-yellow, depending on the type of olives and their ripeness at harvest. Color is not an indicator of quality; factors like flavor, aroma, and chemical composition are more important.

Long Shelf Life

• Myth: Some people think that EVOO has an indefinite shelf life.
• Fact: EVOO is best consumed within 18-24 months of harvest. To maintain its quality, it should be stored in a cool, dark place in a tightly sealed bottle. Over time, it can lose its flavor and nutritional value.

All EVOOs Are Authentic

• Myth: Every bottle labeled “extra-virgin olive oil” is genuine.
• Fact: Unfortunately, olive oil fraud is a problem. Some products labeled as EVOO may be adulterated with lower-quality oils. To ensure authenticity, look for certification from reputable organizations and buy from trusted brands.

Supplementing with Olive Leaf Extract

Olive leaf extract is a popular natural supplement known for delivering numerous health benefits without the fats found in olive oil. The process to create this extract involves harvesting olive leaves, which are then dried and carefully processed to isolate the active compounds. These include oleuropein as the primary polyphenol, along with other beneficial components such as hydroxytyrosol, flavonoids, and triterpenes.

Incorporating olive-derived supplements into your health routine can be a valuable strategy. 

However, it's important to note the distinction in polyphenol content: a "high polyphenol" olive oil is typically defined as containing at least 250 mg of polyphenols per kilogram. 

To match the polyphenol levels found in just one serving of a concentrated supplement like Longevity Foundation, you’d have to consume around 2 kilograms of olive oil—a challenging amount, especially if you're observing fasting or calorie restriction protocols, where even healthy fats could disrupt your regimen.

Concentrated Benefits

Olive leaf extract provides a highly concentrated source of polyphenols, especially oleuropein, which is found at significantly higher levels in the leaves compared to olive oil. This concentration delivers a host of health advantages, including:

• Lowering blood pressure: Helps relax blood vessels, promoting better circulation.
• Improving cholesterol profiles: Prevents the oxidation of LDL cholesterol and supports heart health.
• Reducing inflammation: Acts as a natural anti-inflammatory agent.
• Boosting the immune system: Offers protection against various infections.
• Aiding in weight management: Assists with regulating body weight and improving metabolic health.
• Regulating blood sugar levels: Supports better metabolic profiles.
• Enhancing cognitive function: Protects the brain from oxidative damage and reduces the risk of neurodegenerative diseases.
• Promoting longevity: Supports mechanisms that contribute to a longer, healthier life.

Characteristics of a Quality Product

• Look for supplements that specify their polyphenol content, especially oleuropein and hydroxytyrosol levels.
• Choose standardized extracts, which guarantee a specific amount of active ingredients per dose, ensuring consistency and efficacy.

• Opt for supplements that have been tested by third-party organizations.

• Choose supplements from well-known and reputable brands that provide detailed information about their sourcing, production methods, and quality control.

• Consider whether you prefer capsules or liquid extracts.
• And consult with your medical healthcare specialists. 

Longevity Foundation - Why We Made this

Jung+'s Longevity Foundation primary goal was to develop formulas that combine only scientifically proven ingredients, each capable of targeting the complex biological mechanisms underlying aging. Additionally, we sought to ensure that each component enhances the effectiveness of the others, providing comprehensive support against the multifaceted nature of aging. 

Our aim is to address the 12 major hallmarks of aging, which is why we chose to include oleuropein in our formula to contribute to benefits such as:

• Boost in mechanisms of longevity
• Antioxidant support for cells
• Support for heart and brain function
• Support for microbiome and healthy gut
• Reduction in inflammation 

By incorporating whole olives, olive oil, and olive leaf extracts or supplements into your diet, you can enjoy a range of benefits, from improved heart health and reduced inflammation to better skin and weight management and even promote longevity. 

References:

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